Atomoxetine
MedicationStrattera
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Research strength: 3 / 5
MotherToBaby reports that four human studies have not suggested more birth defects, but most used prescription records that cannot confirm the medicine was taken. A 2026 Norwegian registry study found higher miscarriage odds with atomoxetine prescriptions (aOR 2.34, 95% CI 1.41-3.89), while a corrected review combining atomoxetine with methylphenidate did not find a statistically significant increase. The STRATTERA label states, "Available published studies with STRATTERA use in pregnant women are insufficient to establish a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes." Its boxed warning states, "STRATTERA increased the risk of suicidal ideation in pediatric patients aged 6 years of age and older with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in short-term studies." It further says, "All STRATTERA-treated pediatric patients 6 years of age or older should be monitored and observed closely for suicidal thoughts and behavior, clinical worsening, or unusual changes in behavior, especially during the initial months of therapy or at times of dosage changes." Ask your provider about your situation.
Last reviewed: 2026-10-16
Sources
- MotherToBaby: Atomoxetine (Strattera) fact sheetTeratology service
- Bröms et al., 2023: Atomoxetine in Early Pregnancy and Major Congenital MalformationsUS government
- Srinivas et al., 2026: ADHD Medication Use in Pregnancy and MiscarriageUS government
- Corrected meta-analysis: Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine in PregnancyUS government
- DailyMed: STRATTERA (atomoxetine) prescribing information, Eli LillyDrug company label
Research strength: 3 / 5
MotherToBaby reports that one study of 453 people who filled atomoxetine prescriptions during the first 20 weeks found no increased chance of placental abruption, a small-for-gestational-age baby, preterm delivery, or preeclampsia; prescription records cannot confirm the medicine was taken. A 2026 health-record study of 405 atomoxetine users reported higher adjusted odds of fetal growth restriction and large-for-gestational-age birth, although its unadjusted percentages were similar to controls and it did not report trimester-specific results. The STRATTERA label states, "Available published studies with STRATTERA use in pregnant women are insufficient to establish a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes." Its boxed warning states, "STRATTERA increased the risk of suicidal ideation in pediatric patients aged 6 years of age and older with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in short-term studies." It further says, "All STRATTERA-treated pediatric patients 6 years of age or older should be monitored and observed closely for suicidal thoughts and behavior, clinical worsening, or unusual changes in behavior, especially during the initial months of therapy or at times of dosage changes." Ask your provider about your situation.
Last reviewed: 2026-10-16
Sources
- MotherToBaby: Atomoxetine (Strattera) fact sheetTeratology service
- Cohen et al., 2017: Placental Complications Associated With Psychostimulant Use in PregnancyUS government
- Tuan et al., 2026: Pregnancy Complications in Women Prescribed AtomoxetineUS government
- DailyMed: STRATTERA (atomoxetine) prescribing information, Eli LillyDrug company label
Research strength: 2 / 5
MotherToBaby does not report atomoxetine-specific findings for later pregnancy; a 2026 Nordic study of 11,075 pregnancies found late use of ADHD medicines overall was not linked to a statistically significant rise in preterm birth (aHR 1.15, 95% CI 0.95-1.39), though the estimate rose with each 30 days of late exposure, and atomoxetine-specific late-pregnancy results were not reported. A 2025 Swedish cohort included 209 atomoxetine-exposed children and found no increased neurodevelopmental-disorder estimate, but the atomoxetine result was imprecise and not specific to late exposure. The STRATTERA label states, "Available published studies with STRATTERA use in pregnant women are insufficient to establish a drug-associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes." Its boxed warning states, "STRATTERA increased the risk of suicidal ideation in pediatric patients aged 6 years of age and older with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in short-term studies." It further says, "All STRATTERA-treated pediatric patients 6 years of age or older should be monitored and observed closely for suicidal thoughts and behavior, clinical worsening, or unusual changes in behavior, especially during the initial months of therapy or at times of dosage changes." Ask your provider about your situation.
Last reviewed: 2026-10-16
Sources
- MotherToBaby: Atomoxetine (Strattera) fact sheetTeratology service
- Srinivas et al., 2026: ADHD Medication Use in Pregnancy and Preterm BirthUS government
- Madsen et al., 2025: ADHD Medicines and Offspring Neurodevelopmental DisordersUS government
- DailyMed: STRATTERA (atomoxetine) prescribing information, Eli LillyDrug company label
Atomoxetine — Breastfeeding
Research strength: 3 / 5
LactMed reports that a study of 10 mothers found a relative infant dose of 0.19% at an adjusted 80 mg daily dose, and the mothers reported no suspected effects in their 11 infants. A 2026 single-patient milk study estimated a combined relative infant dose of 0.145% for atomoxetine and its metabolite; it did not report infant outcomes. MotherToBaby says there are no breastfeeding studies, and the STRATTERA label says it is not known whether the medicine passes into milk, although two milk-transfer studies are now available. The label's boxed warning states, "STRATTERA increased the risk of suicidal ideation in pediatric patients aged 6 years of age and older with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in short-term studies." It further says, "All STRATTERA-treated pediatric patients 6 years of age or older should be monitored and observed closely for suicidal thoughts and behavior, clinical worsening, or unusual changes in behavior, especially during the initial months of therapy or at times of dosage changes." Ask your provider about your situation.
Last reviewed: 2026-10-16
Sources
- LactMed (NIH): AtomoxetineUS government
- Yamada et al., 2026: Atomoxetine Human Milk Pharmacokinetic AnalysisUS government
- Aoyagi et al., 2026: Atomoxetine in Human Milk and PlasmaUS government
- MotherToBaby: Atomoxetine (Strattera) fact sheetTeratology service
- DailyMed: STRATTERA (atomoxetine) prescribing information, Eli LillyDrug company label
Pregnancy
Birth defects: MotherToBaby reports four human studies with no suggested increase, but most relied on prescription records. Bröms et al. (2023) studied first-trimester atomoxetine exposure in 368 Nordic and 622 US Medicaid pregnancies ending in live birth. The adjusted prevalence ratio for any major malformation was 0.99 (95% CI 0.74-1.34); estimates for cardiac and limb malformations were imprecise. Miscarriage: Srinivas et al. (Epub 2025, journal issue 2026) studied 13,298 pregnancies in Norwegian registers and reported higher odds with atomoxetine prescriptions (aOR 2.34, 95% CI 1.41-3.89). Filled prescriptions do not confirm use, and the study is observational. A corrected 2024 meta-analysis of 10 studies combined methylphenidate and atomoxetine, so its estimates are not atomoxetine-specific. Compared with unexposed pregnancies, the corrected pooled miscarriage OR was 1.15 (95% CI 0.82-1.62); compared with the general population it was 0.98 (95% CI 0.77-1.25). The correction followed misclassified events in an included study; the authors said the overall findings did not change. Other outcomes: Cohen et al. (2017) used 453 atomoxetine-exposed pregnancies as a negative-control exposure and reported no association with the placental outcomes studied. MotherToBaby reports that this study of prescription fills through the first 20 weeks found no increased chance of placental abruption, small-for-gestational-age birth, preterm delivery, or preeclampsia, but does not establish later-pregnancy outcomes. Tuan et al. (2026) analyzed electronic health records for 405 atomoxetine users with deliveries. Its adjusted table reported higher odds of fetal growth restriction (aOR 2.29, 95% CI 2.00-2.62), large-for-gestational-age birth (aOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.71-2.21), and labor-delivery complications (aOR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.17). Unadjusted percentages for fetal growth restriction and large-for-gestational-age birth were similar between atomoxetine and control groups; the study used diagnosis codes, was not trimester-specific, and its narrative and adjusted table are not fully aligned. Preterm birth: a Nordic cohort of 11,075 pregnancies reported no statistically significant association between late use of any ADHD medication and preterm birth (aHR 1.15, 95% CI 0.95-1.39), but found higher odds with each 30 days of late exposure (aHR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02-1.12). Its abstract noted a possible signal with atomoxetine early in pregnancy but supplied no atomoxetine-specific estimate. Child neurodevelopment: Madsen et al. (2025) included 861,650 children overall and 209 atomoxetine-exposed children in a medication-specific analysis. The adjusted HR for any neurodevelopmental disorder with atomoxetine was 1.03 (95% CI 0.64-1.65), an imprecise estimate. The study did not report atomoxetine-specific timing estimates.
Breastfeeding
LactMed (revision June 15, 2026) reports a milk-level study of 10 mothers taking 40-100 mg daily. At an adjusted 80 mg daily dose, mean milk concentration was 12 mcg/L and the relative infant dose was 0.19%; a simulated worst case was 0.65%. Ten mothers nursing 11 infants answered a health questionnaire, and none reported suspected adverse effects or delayed development. The study authors also reported no adverse effects in the breastfed infants. Infant blood levels were not found in the literature reviewed by LactMed. Aoyagi et al. (2026) measured milk and plasma in one lactating patient; the combined relative infant dose for atomoxetine and 4-hydroxyatomoxetine was 0.145%, with no infant outcome assessment reported. MotherToBaby's page still says there are no breastfeeding studies, and the June 2026 STRATTERA label says it is not known whether the drug passes into milk. These statements do not reflect the two published milk-transfer studies; infant outcome evidence remains limited.
Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor approved to treat ADHD. Strattera is a brand name for atomoxetine.
What was tested
Pregnancy evidence includes observational national-register cohorts, Medicaid prescription data, an electronic health-record study, and a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prescription records and health records do not consistently confirm medication use, and these studies can be affected by differences in the underlying condition and other factors. Outcomes studied include live-birth malformations, miscarriage, placental conditions, fetal growth, preterm birth, labor and delivery, and child neurodevelopment. Breastfeeding evidence includes one milk-level study with 10 mothers and 11 infants and one milk/plasma case in a single lactating patient; no infant blood levels were found in LactMed's reviewed literature.
Miscarriage evidence
- Source A says
- A 2026 Norwegian registry study reported higher miscarriage odds with atomoxetine prescriptions (aOR 2.34, 95% CI 1.41-3.89). A corrected meta-analysis that combined atomoxetine and methylphenidate did not find a statistically significant increase. (Srinivas et al., 2026: ADHD Medication Use in Pregnancy and Miscarriage, di Giacomo et al., 2024: Corrected systematic review and meta-analysis of methylphenidate and atomoxetine)
- Source B says
- MotherToBaby says studies have not been done to assess miscarriage risk, and the STRATTERA label says published studies are insufficient to establish a drug-associated risk. (MotherToBaby: Atomoxetine (Strattera) fact sheet, DailyMed: STRATTERA (atomoxetine) prescribing information, Eli Lilly)
- Why they differ
- The atomoxetine-specific study was published after the MotherToBaby statement may have been prepared, and it used filled prescriptions rather than confirmed use. The corrected meta-analysis pooled atomoxetine with methylphenidate and used a different population and comparison group. The PubMed abstract still displays its pre-correction estimate; the corrected PMC full text reports the updated estimates.
- What the evidence shows overall
- The newer atomoxetine-specific study is a signal that should be reported, but it is observational and does not establish cause. The corrected pooled estimates are not statistically significant and do not provide an atomoxetine-only result. The evidence supports provider guidance, not a conclusion that atomoxetine must be avoided.
Human milk data and infant outcomes
- Source A says
- LactMed cites a study of 10 mothers and 11 infants and a one-patient milk/plasma study; both reported low milk transfer, while the larger study reported no suspected infant effects. (LactMed (NIH): Atomoxetine, Yamada et al., 2026: Atomoxetine Human Milk Pharmacokinetic Analysis, Aoyagi et al., 2026: Atomoxetine in Human Milk and Plasma)
- Source B says
- MotherToBaby says there are no breastfeeding studies, and the STRATTERA label says it is not known whether the drug passes into milk. (MotherToBaby: Atomoxetine (Strattera) fact sheet, DailyMed: STRATTERA (atomoxetine) prescribing information, Eli Lilly)
- Why they differ
- The two pharmacokinetic studies are small and do not provide robust infant outcome data. The label and MotherToBaby statements may reflect different update timing or different standards for what counts as evidence; neither page explains the difference.
- What the evidence shows overall
- Two human milk-transfer studies are available, but they do not establish a large infant outcome evidence base. The public summary should describe the measured transfer and its limits, rather than repeat that no studies exist or imply that infant effects are settled.
Child neurodevelopment studies
- Source A says
- A 2025 Swedish cohort included 209 atomoxetine-exposed pregnancies and reported an adjusted HR of 1.03 (95% CI 0.64-1.65) for any neurodevelopmental disorder, with an imprecise estimate. (Madsen et al., 2025: ADHD Medicines and Offspring Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
- Source B says
- MotherToBaby says studies have not been done to see whether atomoxetine could increase behavior or learning issues. (MotherToBaby: Atomoxetine (Strattera) fact sheet)
- Why they differ
- The MotherToBaby statement does not reflect the later Madsen study. The atomoxetine subgroup was small and the confidence interval was wide; its analysis did not provide atomoxetine-specific timing estimates.
- What the evidence shows overall
- The MotherToBaby statement is outdated. The available cohort did not find an increased estimate, but its atomoxetine-specific evidence remains limited and does not settle later-pregnancy effects.
- MotherToBaby says healthcare providers can discuss the benefits of treating the condition and the risks of untreated illness before medication changes are made. (MotherToBaby)
- The STRATTERA label says to talk with a healthcare provider about the best way to feed the baby during treatment. (DailyMed: STRATTERA prescribing information)
General research, not specific to pregnancy.
The STRATTERA label carries a boxed warning about suicidal thoughts and behavior in pediatric patients aged 6 years and older. EMA's 2024 review required product information to address serotonin syndrome, bruxism, and homicidal ideation.
- The boxed warning states that STRATTERA increased suicidal-ideation risk in pediatric patients aged 6 years and older in short-term studies and calls for close monitoring for suicidal thoughts and behavior, clinical worsening, or unusual behavior changes. (DailyMed: STRATTERA (atomoxetine) prescribing information, Eli Lilly)
- EMA's PRAC/CMDh review concluded that a causal relationship between atomoxetine and serotonin syndrome, bruxism, and homicidal ideation was at least a reasonable possibility and recommended changes to product information. (EMA: Atomoxetine PSUSA recommendation and product-information variation)
- MotherToBaby: Atomoxetine (Strattera) fact sheetTeratology serviceSecondary
- LactMed (NIH): AtomoxetineUS governmentSecondaryPage dated 2026-06-15Independent check
- DailyMed: STRATTERA (atomoxetine) prescribing information, Eli LillyDrug company labelTertiaryIndependent check
- EMA: Atomoxetine PSUSA recommendation and product-information variationEU agencySecondaryPage dated 2024-09-03European guidance
- Bröms et al., 2023: Atomoxetine in Early Pregnancy and Major Congenital MalformationsUS governmentPrimaryIndependent check
- Cohen et al., 2017: Placental Complications Associated With Psychostimulant Use in PregnancyUS governmentPrimaryIndependent check
- di Giacomo et al., 2024: Corrected systematic review and meta-analysis of methylphenidate and atomoxetineUS governmentPrimaryPage dated 2025-04-08
- Erratum: Error in Abstract, Results, and Figure for the 2024 meta-analysisUS governmentPrimary
- Srinivas et al., 2026: ADHD Medication Use in Pregnancy and MiscarriageUS governmentPrimaryIndependent check
- Tuan et al., 2026: Pregnancy Complications in Women Prescribed AtomoxetineUS governmentPrimaryIndependent check
- Srinivas et al., 2026: ADHD Medication Use in Pregnancy and Risk of Preterm BirthUS governmentPrimaryIndependent check
- Madsen et al., 2025: ADHD Medicines and Offspring Neurodevelopmental DisordersUS governmentPrimaryIndependent check
- Yamada et al., 2026: Atomoxetine Human Milk Pharmacokinetic AnalysisUS governmentPrimary
- Aoyagi et al., 2026: Atomoxetine in Human Milk and PlasmaUS governmentPrimaryIndependent check
Last reviewed 2026-10-16
Independent check 2026-10-16
Not yet clinician-reviewed
Ask your provider about your situation.
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